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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
A. R. Boulogne, J. P. Faraci
Nuclear Technology | Volume 11 | Number 1 | May 1971 | Pages 75-83
Technical Paper | Radioisotope | doi.org/10.13182/NT71-A30903
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Californium-252 makes an intense neutron point source that emits 2.34 × 1012 n/(sec g) through spontaneous fission. Sources are being prepared to investigate the value of this radionuclide for mineral, petroleum, and gas exploration, well logging and hydrology, activation analysis, neutron radiography, and other areas where isotopic neutron sources are used. Sources containing milligram amounts of 252Cf with active volumes of <25 mm3 are being prepared by precipitating and filtering californium oxalate on a small metallic filter, which is in the primary capsule in a totally enclosed apparatus. The oxalate is calcined to 252Cf2O3 before the primary capsule is sealed. These sources are doubly encapsulated under conservative design criteria to prevent leakage of radioactive material because they are used in a wide variety of environmental conditions. The neutron emission rate of the finished sources is within 10% of the desired value. Less than 1% of the 252Cf was lost in the process. Because the practical upper limit for the present capsule design is about ten milligrams of 252Cf, procedures are being developed for preparing sources containing up to several hundreds of milligrams of the isotope.