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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Clyde E. Milstead, Wayne E. Bell, J. H. Norman
Nuclear Technology | Volume 7 | Number 4 | October 1969 | Pages 361-366
Material | doi.org/10.13182/NT69-A28478
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The deposition of iodine on low chromium-alloy steel (1% Cr—1/4% Mo alloy) has been investigated in vacuo at 316, 400, and 482°C using a pseudoisopiestic (static) method. An adsorption isotherm was obtained at 400°C over an iodine (monotomic) pressure range of 2.9 × 10-9 to 5.1 × 10-7 atm. The levels of iodine deposition at 400°C ranged from 3.8 to 23.2 µg I/cm2; these values are in agreement with data obtained using transpiration techniques. The low-level sorption data are interpreted on the basis of the dissociation of I2 to yield monatomic iodine as well as the interaction with the steel surface to form volatile iron iodides, which were deposited in cooler regions of the apparatus. The high-level sorption behavior of iodine on steel is in accord with the expected behavior based on the thermodynamic properties of FeI2(s).