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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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World Bank, IAEA partner to fund nuclear energy
The World Bank and the International Atomic Energy Agency signed an agreement last week to cooperate on the construction and financing of advanced nuclear projects in developing countries, marking the first partnership since the bank ended its ban on funding for nuclear energy projects.
N. M. Levitz, G. J. Vogel, E. L. Carls, E. Grosvenor, B. Kullen, D. Raue, W. Murphy
Nuclear Technology | Volume 6 | Number 2 | February 1969 | Pages 147-155
Technical Paper and Note | doi.org/10.13182/NT69-A28246
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A total of 2.3 kg of PuF4 was fluorinated to PuF6 with elemental fluorine in a fluidized bed of alumina in three campaigns, each consisting of three separate fluorination runs followed by a fluorination-cleanup step in which any plutonium deposited in the lines and equipment was recovered. Each run involved 260 g of −325 mesh PuF4 powder; a single ∼6.5-kg bed of nominal 48–100 mesh alumina was used in each campaign. A 93% F2-7% N2 gas mixture, which was recycled, served as the fluidizing gas and reactant. The temperature of the fluidized alumina bed was increased incrementally to 550°C, and the total fluorination time for each run was 3 to 5 h. The PuF6 was collected in traps at ∼−65°C and subsequently was sorbed on NaF. Plutonium material balances were 97, 101, and 99%. Average production rates of PuF6 were 2.4 to 4.1 lb PuF6/(h ft2) but rates >6 lb PuF6/(h ft2) were attained in initial 30-min fluorination periods. Fluorine utilization efficiency (the ratio of fluorine reacted to that which could theoretically react based on equilibrium considerations) averaged 22, 17, and 28% although efficiencies near 100% were calculated for the earlier portions of a run, when large quantities of plutonium were present. Over 96% of the plutonium charged was recovered as PuF6 while ½% was discarded as waste in the alumina bed of the fluorinator. Less than 2% of the PuF6 was decomposed to PuF4 by radiation, and this was refluorinated and recovered without difficulty.