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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
K. Goldmann, N. Hyman, S. Kostman, J. McKee
Nuclear Technology | Volume 3 | Number 2 | February 1967 | Pages 117-126
Technical Paper and Note | doi.org/10.13182/NT67-A27809
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Data are presented on carbon and nitrogen transfer by potassium in 16 stainless-steel thermal convection loops containing Cb-1%Zr and stainless-steel tabs. Typical test conditions were 5000 h at 1600°F maximum, 1200°F minimum. Changes in weight, composition, and microstructure of both tab materials were determined as a function of time over the full temperature range. Changes in loop wall composition, microstructure, and tensile properties were determined at the end of the test. The Cb-1%Zr formed thin carbide and nitride surface films at a rate limited by diffusion through the films rather than by availability of carbon and nitrogen in the potassium. Cold bend tests showed good ductility in Cb-1%Zr after 5000 h. Transfer of carbon and nitrogen from hot to cold stainless steel was unaffected by the Cb-1%Zr and had less effect on tensile properties than microstructural changes associated with the thermal history.