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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
John W. Wilson, G. S. Khandelwal
Nuclear Technology | Volume 23 | Number 3 | September 1974 | Pages 298-305
Technical Paper | Shielding | doi.org/10.13182/NT74-A15922
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A convenient property of energetic heavy charged particles in passing through matter is that the primaries and their secondary particles remain relatively confined to the primary beam axis. As a consequence, the particle beam in matter is not strongly affected by near boundaries and the problem of calculating dose in a complicated geometric object is greatly simplified. Furthermore, the small beam width is a useful expansion parameter to develop a series that converges rapidly for most practical dose calculations. The final result relates dose at any point in an arbitrary convex region to an integral over the fluence-to-dose conversion factors for normal incidence on a semi-infinite slab. A representation of these fluence-to-dose conversion factors and all the necessary information required to calculate dose in arbitrary convex regions of tissue for proton energies below 1 GeV are found in terms of two energy-dependent parameters and known functions.