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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Alan H. Wells, Albert J. Machiels
Nuclear Technology | Volume 176 | Number 3 | December 2011 | Pages 387-394
Technical Paper | Radiation Transport and Protection | doi.org/10.13182/NT11-A13315
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
According to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's guidance based on concerns for potential channeling of neutrons between absorber particles, the criticality safety of transportation systems should not rely on credit for >75% of the boron in fixed neutron absorbers. The 75% efficiency (or effectiveness) factor was first formulated in 1987 for a cask to transport spent fuel from the Fermi Unit 1 (Fermi-1) fast breeder reactor. Fermi-1 fuel was highly enriched (25.6 wt%), and a critical condition could possibly be achieved in a dry environment. The 75% factor was later expanded to include low-enriched light water reactor (LWR) spent fuel, although the latter cannot achieve a critical state without the presence of a moderator. Under flooded conditions, the net effect of channeling is significantly reduced because the neutrons are nearly isotropically scattered by the moderator and impact the neutron absorber from all possible directions. Under dry conditions or under conditions representative in neutron attenuation measurements for absorber qualification, the neutrons impact the absorber mostly perpendicularly, and neutron channeling is maximized. The effect of neutron channeling for the Fermi-1 fuel and for a typical LWR fuel shipment was quantified using a methodology developed to apply experimental transmission data to calculations of the neutron angular distribution at the neutron absorber sheet, yielding the strength of the neutron channeling effect for a particular fuel type and cask basket geometry. These analyses show that neutron absorber qualification via a collimated neutron transmission measurement conservatively bounds the neutron channeling effect. Further imposition of a 75%-only credit leads to an overly conservative amount in neutron absorbers. For transport applications of LWR spent fuel, this results in increased costs with no measurable benefits to criticality safety.