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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
K. Katayama et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 48 | Number 1 | July-August 2005 | Pages 561-564
Technical Paper | Tritium Science and Technology - Materials Interaction and Permeation | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A987
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Release behavior of hydrogen isotopes from the graphite tiles used in JT-60U was observed using the thermal desorption method where temperature was stepwise elevated to 300, 600 and 1000 °C. When first wall tile was left under helium atmosphere at 600 °C for 8 hours, about 40 % of total amount of hydrogen and deuterium retained in the tile was released, although only a small amount of hydrogen isotopes was released at 300 °C, which is the base temperature of inner wall of JT-60U. This indicates that a higher temperature of inner wall causes hydrogen retention to reduce considerably. When the graphite tiles were exposed to hydrogen at 1000 °C, the release of deuterium and tritium was enhanced. It is considered that the deuterium and tritium left in the graphite tile was released by the isotope exchange reaction. In order to remove almost all deuterium or tritium from the graphite tile without combustion of graphite, isotope exchange method at high temperature is effective. It was found that the amount of hydrogen retained in the graphite tile was much larger than that of deuterium. This indicates that a large amount of deuterium trapped in the tiles during deuterium discharge experiments was replaced with hydrogen during hydrogen discharge experiments. Additionally, depth profiles of hydrogen isotope are discussed from the obtained release curves.