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Glass strategy: Hanford’s enhanced waste glass program
The mission of the Department of Energy’s Office of River Protection (ORP) is to complete the safe cleanup of waste resulting from decades of nuclear weapons development. One of the most technologically challenging responsibilities is the safe disposition of approximately 56 million gallons of radioactive waste historically stored in 177 tanks at the Hanford Site in Washington state.
ORP has a clear incentive to reduce the overall mission duration and cost. One pathway is to develop and deploy innovative technical solutions that can advance baseline flow sheets toward higher efficiency operations while reducing identified risks without compromising safety. Vitrification is the baseline process that will convert both high-level and low-level radioactive waste at Hanford into a stable glass waste form for long-term storage and disposal.
Although vitrification is a mature technology, there are key areas where technology can further reduce operational risks, advance baseline processes to maximize waste throughput, and provide the underpinning to enhance operational flexibility; all steps in reducing mission duration and cost.
B. Pégourié, A. Géraud, Tore Supra Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 56 | Number 3 | October 2009 | Pages 1318-1333
Technical Papers | Tore Supra Special Issue | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A9180
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Particle control is an essential requirement for long-pulse operation. Besides steady-state particle exhaust, the complementary key element is particle fueling. Three fueling methods are currently used in Tore Supra: conventional gas puffing, supersonic molecular beam injection, and pellet injection. In addition to a technical description of the corresponding systems, this paper presents an overview of different studies characterizing these methods in terms of fueling efficiency and ability to fuel long discharges or to obtain high-density plasmas with no confinement degradation. An analysis of the interaction between the plasma and the pellet or supersonic beam is also given, including the physics of the homogenization of the deposited particles in the background plasma (importance of the edge cooling and of the [nabla]B-induced displacement) or the transport-induced modification for deep-matter penetration (triggering of an improved confinement phase or, conversely, of a sawtooth crash when a pellet crosses the q = 1 surface).