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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
N. Hosogane, the JT-60 Team, JFT-2M Group
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 47 | Number 3 | April 2005 | Pages 363-369
Technical Paper | Fusion Energy - Experimental Devices and Advanced Designs | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A717
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
For steady state advanced tokamak research with long pulse operations, JT-60U tokamak discharge, NBI and RF heating injection durations have been extended from 15 s to 65 s and from 10 s to 30 s respectively mainly by means of modifying their control systems and using derated power levels. In addition, technological issues for their long pulse injections with the heating systems have been solved as follows. The ion source of the negative ion NBI system was modified to increase gas conductance in the accelerator, which reduced the heat load to the grounded grid due to stripping loss to a level that enables operations of 2 MW for 30 s. A new method of controlling the anode voltage has been developed for sustaining the oscillation condition of a gyrotron in the electron cyclotron (EC) system. With this method, the EC injection duration has reached 16 s at 0.4 MW. To avoid serious damage of the LH launcher, a heat-resistant carbon grill LH antenna was implemented on the original stainless steel grill. To date, the advanced tokamak operations have been extended to N = 2.1 for 20 s. In JFT-2M, high N plasmas had been investigated with the vacuum vessel covered with ferritic steels. N of ~3.5 was obtained with rwall/a~1.3-1.6 without serious influence of ferromagnetic walls (rwall is distance of the wall from a plasma center and a is minor radius of a plasma). This encourages the utilization of ferric steel as a structural material for future reactors.