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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
Y. U. Nam
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | February 2009 | Pages 180-184
Technical Paper | Seventh International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A7009
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A 280 GHz single-channel horizontal millimeter-wave interferometer system has been installed for plasma electron density measurements on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR). An electron density of plasma is measured on double-path horizontal line with triangular geometry. A cassette system contains two vacuum windows was installed on median port for these purpose. Maximum line-integrated electron density of first plasma is set to 1019 m-2 in this geometry. Since a line density of single-fringe in 280 GHz is 2 × 1018 m-2, a multi-fringe counting circuit has been adopted for a fringe-jump compensation. Measured IF signals are divided into 4 channels which has fringe counting capability of 1, 2, 4 and 8 fringes, respectively. A phase difference between IF signals is converted to DC voltage in each channel according to its fringe coverage. A fringe-jump analysis algorism has been developed for a discrimination of real fringe-jump from noise signal. An electron density of the KSTAR first plasma has been measured and analyzed using this system. Upon these results, an advanced fringe counting scheme will be proposed in this paper.