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Deep Space: The new frontier of radiation controls
In commercial nuclear power, there has always been a deliberate tension between the regulator and the utility owner. The regulator fundamentally exists to protect the worker, and the utility, to make a profit. It is a win-win balance.
From the U.S. nuclear industry has emerged a brilliantly successful occupational nuclear safety record—largely the result of an ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) process that has driven exposure rates down to what only a decade ago would have been considered unthinkable. In the U.S. nuclear industry, the system has accomplished an excellent, nearly seamless process that succeeds to the benefit of both employee and utility owner.
H. Zush et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 55 | Number 2 | February 2009 | Pages 9-14
Technical Paper | Seventh International Conference on Open Magnetic Systems for Plasma Confinement | doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A6975
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Hydrogen reemission and retention from and in the inert gas plasma sprayed tungsten (IPS-W) exposed to the plasma are described. Two kinds of irradiation scenarios are investigated in continuous and cyclic exposures. In the later a recovery phase exists between plasma exposure phases, simulated to the regular tokamak discharges. The H retention at the surface temperature Ts of 600 ~ 900 K was evaluated from 4 × 1020 m-2 to 2 × 1022 m-2 at the fluence from 1 × 1024 m-2 to 1 × 1026 m-2 under continuous exposure conditions. For the cyclic exposure, two cases associated temperature variation during the cycle, large Ts > 100 K and small < 40 K, are investigated. The temperature rise Ts dependence of the reemission and retention is observed. When Ts > 100 K, the apparent reemission is triggered by both Ts and irradiation itself, and then after the exposure stops it turns to apparent retention. However, for Ts < 40 K no reemission and retention are observed in the cycle. This fact suggests that the hydrogen reemission is enhanced during the exposure via the surface recombination process depending on Ts or Ts gradient across the specimen.