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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
E. Westerhof, J. A. Hoekzema, G. M. D. Hogeweij, R. J. E. Jaspers, F. C. Schüller, C. J. Barth, H. Bindslev, W. A. Bongers, A. J. H. Donné, P. Dumortier, A. F. van der Grift, D. Kalupin, H. R. Koslowski, A. Krämer-Flecken, O. G. Kruijt, N. J. Lopes Cardozo, H. J. van der Meiden, A. Merkulov, A. Messiaen, J. W. Oosterbeek, P. R. Prins, J. Scholten, V. S. Udintsev, B. Unterberg, M. Vervier, G. van Wassenhove
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 47 | Number 2 | February 2005 | Pages 108-118
Technical Paper | TEXTOR: A Flexible Device | doi.org/10.13182/FST05-A692
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
TEXTOR is equipped with two gyrotrons at 110 and 140 GHz, respectively. Both share a single power supply and a confocal quasi-optical transmission line. They cannot be operated simultaneously. The 110-GHz gyrotron with limited power and pulse length (300 kW; 200 ms) has been used in a first series of experiments on electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) and for collective Thomson scattering (CTS) diagnostics of energetic ions. In the future the 110-GHz gyrotron will be operated exclusively for CTS diagnostics, while for ECRH and ECCD, the newly installed 140-GHz, high-power (800-kW), long-pulse (>3-s) gyrotron is now available. The highlights of first ECRH experiments with the 110-GHz gyrotron are reported. These include observations of internal transport barriers with ECRH on various target plasmas: in the current plateau phase of both ohmic and radiation improved mode (RI-mode) discharges. In addition, sawtooth control by localized ECRH is demonstrated. First results on CTS include the observation of the slowing down of energetic ions and of the redistribution of energetic ions in sawtooth crashes.
