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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Shashi Kant Verma
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 80 | Number 5 | July 2024 | Pages 623-635
Review Article | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2023.2227839
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Impurity behavior is investigated in the form of a single or multispecies pellet in a variety of fusion devices like Stellarator TJ-II, Large Helical Device, Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), etc. The impurity intentionally injected from the exterior into plasma is called a tracer impurity. The tracer can be used to trace the fluid path. This study aims to provide impurity elements used in polymer and fusion research by different researchers as well as present the progress of eminent activities with recent progress. The effects on plasma performance due to impurity injection are discussed. The impurity behavior in the plasma core is comprehensively investigated by the researchers, but their works are very limited in the cryogenic environment. As a substitute to this way, extrusion of a pellet made from a mixture of solid hydrogen and tracer element can be useful for fueling the fusion machine. Some of the mathematical models and equations assist to determine the various parameters in extrusion of the tracer mixed pellet. Investigation of the behavior of an impurity in hydrogen ice extrusion from a twin-screw extruder is crucial with respect to cryogenic restrictions.