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Fusion Science and Technology
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Modernizing I&C for operations and maintenance, one phase at a time
The two reactors at Dominion Energy’s Surry plant are among the oldest in the U.S. nuclear fleet. Yet when the plant celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023, staff could raise a toast to the future. Surry was one of the first plants to file a subsequent license renewal (SLR) application, and in May 2021, it became official: the plant was licensed to operate for a full 80 years, extending its reactors’ lifespans into 2052 and 2053.
B. Esposito, P. Buratti, S. Cirant, M. Leigheb, G. Bracco, L. Carraro, V. Cocilovo, L. Gabellieri, F. Gandini, E. Giovannozzi, C. Gormezano, A. Jacchia, E. Lazzaro, F. de Luca, M. Marinucci, E. Minardi, S. Nowak, D. Pacella, L. Panaccione, M. Romanelli, C. Sozzi, O. Tudisco
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 45 | Number 3 | May 2004 | Pages 370-386
Technical Paper | Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A520
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Transport studies are presented in this chapter. Global scaling studies have been performed using several transport codes. Ohmic plasmas are found to follow the ITER97 L-mode scaling. Transport coefficients are discussed for improved confinement scenarios achieved in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU): the repetitive pellet enhanced plasma mode, showing neoclassical confinement with H-factors up to 1.6, and the electron internal transport barriers (ITBs) with large transport barriers and H-factors up to 1.3. Heat transport models have been tested using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), steady or modulated, as a probe. The electron temperature stiffness observed in the main bulk of steady FTU plasmas can be interpreted both with a critical gradient transport model and with a model based on the existence of canonical profiles. ECRH has also been used to benefit from the improved confinement generally associated with low or negative magnetic shear, and large electron temperatures have been achieved in these conditions. Profile resiliency is observed so that heat transport is not consistent with a constant thermal diffusivity. Experimental optimization is discussed together with the analysis of transport coefficients. Thorough discussions of impurity transport are given, both for intrinsic and injected (from laser blow-off) impurities. Code simulation and experimental data are compared for a series of FTU experiments focusing on the improved confinement modes (pellets and ITBs). A moderate inward pinch velocity is generally required to reproduce the data.