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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Deep geologic repository progress—2025 Update
Editor's note: This article has was originally published in November 2023. It has been updated with new information as of June 2025.
Outside my office, there is a display case filled with rock samples from all over the world. It contains a disk of translucent, orange salt from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, N.M.; a core of white-and-bronze gneiss from the site of the future deep geologic repository in Eurajoki, Finland; several angular chunks of fine-grained, gray claystone from the underground research laboratory at Bure, France; and a piece of coarse-grained granite from the underground research tunnel in Daejeon, South Korea.
Sergey Smolentsev, Tyler Rhodes, Yuchen Jiang, Peter Huang, Charles Kessel
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 77 | Number 7 | November 2021 | Pages 745-760
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2021.1906134
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
At present, the U.S. Fusion Engineering Systems Study (FESS) considers several cooling/breeding concepts that utilize flowing liquid metals (LMs), Li, or eutectic PbLi alloy as working fluids for implementation of these concepts in the Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF). In this paper, we review recent modeling activities aimed at the investigation of LM flows and heat transfer relevant to the FESS-FNSF program. In particular, considerations are given to (1) development and validation & verification of computational magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) codes, (2) characterization of critical coupled MHD/heat transfer phenomena, and (3) design and analysis for selected LM applications in the FNSF. Under these three research thrusts, the reviewed topics including the MHD code HyPerComp Incompressible MHD solver for Arbitrary Geometries (HIMAG), MHD mixed-convection flows, MHD pressure drop in the blanket inlet/outlet manifolds, PbLi flows in a thermal convection loop, MHD PbLi flows in a dual-coolant lead-lithium blanket prototype, and a design window for a flowing Li divertor with He-cooled substrate.