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Radium sources yield cancer-fighting Ac-225 in IAEA program
The International Atomic Energy Agency has reported that, to date, 14 countries have made 14 transfers of disused radium to be recycled for use in advanced cancer treatments under the agency’s Global Radium-226 Management Initiative. Through this initiative, which was launched in 2021, legacy radium-226 from decades-old medical and industrial sources is used to produce actinium-225 radiopharmaceuticals, which have shown effectiveness in the treatment of patients with breast and prostate cancer and certain other cancers.
C. C. Klepper, F. A. Ravelli
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 77 | Number 7 | November 2021 | Pages 629-640
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2021.1898867
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The composition of exhausted gas is a key parameter in long-pulse plasma fusion experiments, and its evolution shall be monitored at timescales relevant to plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interactions. A diagnostic residual gas analyzer (DRGA) is a multisensor instrument particularly suited to these studies, and ITER will adopt DRGAs in the equatorial and in the divertor tokamak regions. In this work, we have revisited the design of the ITER divertor DRGA through simple vacuum analytical considerations supported by simulations conducted with Molflow+, a test particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) simulation code commonly used in the particle accelerator community. Starting with recommendations on the manufacturing of the vacuum piping of the DRGA, this work is followed by a complete vacuum characterization of the diagnostic vacuum setup (pressure profiles at base pressure and during sampling, orifice diameter, and length optimization), and finally, the in-vessel residence time of the most important gas species is simulated. These studies have allowed us to give insights into some experimental results recently found on the prototype DRGA installed in the Wendelstein W7-X stellarator.