ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Annual Conference
May 31–June 3, 2026
Denver, CO|Sheraton Denver
Latest Magazine Issues
Jan 2026
Jul 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
January 2026
Nuclear Technology
December 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
November 2025
Latest News
Restart progress and a new task force in Iowa
This week, Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds signed an executive order to form the Iowa Nuclear Energy Task Force, the purpose of which will be to “advise her, the General Assembly, and relevant state agencies on the development and advancement of nuclear energy technologies and infrastructure in the state.”
M. G. Hvasta, G. Bruhaug, A. E. Fisher, D. Dudt, E. Kolemen
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 76 | Number 1 | January 2020 | Pages 62-69
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Liquid metal (LM) plasma-facing components (PFCs) (LM-PFCs) within next-generation fusion reactors are expected to enhance plasma confinement, facilitate tritium breeding, improve reactor thermal efficiency, and withstand large heat and particle fluxes better than solid components made from tungsten, molybdenum, or graphite. Some LM divertor concepts intended for long-pulse operation at >20 MW/m2 incorporate thin (~1 cm), fast-moving (~5 to 10 m/s), free-surface flows. Such systems will require a range of diagnostics to monitor and control the velocity, flow depth, temperature, and impurity concentration of the LM. This paper will highlight technologies developed for the fission and casting/metallurgical industries that can be adapted to meet the needs of LM-PFC research. This paper is divided into four major parts. The first part will look at noncontact flowmeter technologies that are suitable for high-temperature alkali metal systems. These technologies include rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for bulk flow rate measurements and particle tracking techniques for surface velocity measurements. Second, this paper will detail the operation of a new inductive level sensor that can be used within free-surface LM-PFCs. This robust level sensor can be mounted below the substrate that supports the LM, so it is simple to install and is protected from the damaging conditions inside a fusion reactor. It has been shown that this level sensor can be calibrated using either numerical or experimental techniques. Third, distributed temperature sensors based on fiber-optic technologies will be discussed. This advanced measurement technique provides temperature data with high spatial resolution and has recently been successfully tested in LM systems. Last, diagnostics to measure impurity concentration, such as electrochemical cells, plugging meters, and spectroscopic systems, will be addressed.