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EPRI’s new program aims to strengthen grid resilience
The Electric Power Research Institute has launched a global initiative to prepare future grids by modernizing how the electricity-generating sector detects, anticipates, and responds to emerging risks and manages technological transformation. The nonprofit energy research and development organization intends for the initiative, called Rapid Adaptation of Grid Defense, Analytics, and Resilience (RADAR), to provide a scalable framework, advanced tools, and targeted training for strengthening grid resilience and reliability.
S. O. Kucheyev, J. M. Lenhardt
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 73 | Number 3 | April 2018 | Pages 293-297
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1392205
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Liquid hydrogen confined in pores of nanofoams crystallizes at lower temperatures than in the unconfined, bulk state. Here, we summarize results of our recent systematic relaxation calorimetry studies of the liquid–solid phase transition of hydrogen and deuterium in various materials with open-cell pores. These include spinodal-decomposition-derived silica glasses and nanoporous gold, conventional silica aerogels, and carbon foams with ligaments made from nanotubes and graphene sheets, all of which were studied previously. We present new hydrogen thermoporometry data for polymeric norbornene-based aerogels. Results show that hydrogen freezing temperatures inside all the porous materials studied are depressed. The average depression of the freezing point scales linearly with the ratio of the internal surface area to the pore volume. The average freezing point depression is limited to ≲1.6 K for foams with monolith densities ≲50 mg·cm. Details of the freezing behavior, however, depend nontrivially on the choice of the porous material and on the hydrogen-filling fraction, reflecting phenomena that are beyond the Gibbs-Thomson formalism and pointing to the complexity of pore architectures in the low-density materials of interest to thermonuclear fusion energy applications.