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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
S. K. Combs, L. R. Baylor, C. R. Foust, M. J. Gouge, T. C. Jernigan, S. L. Milora, J-F Artaud, A. Géraud
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 34 | Number 3 | November 1998 | Pages 419-424
Plasma Fueling, Heating, and Current Drive | doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A11963649
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
High-speed injection of pellets, composed of frozen hydrogen isotopes and multimillimeter in size, is commonly used for core fueling of magnetically confined plasmas for controlled thermonuclear fusion research. Straight guide tubes have typically been used to transport/deliver pellets from the acceleration device to the outside, or magnetic low-field side, of the torus/plasma (distance of −5 to 10 m for most installations). Recently, alternative pellet injection schemes have been used in plasma fueling experiments, including inside launch from the magnetic high-field side on ASDEX-U and top launch (vertically downward) on Tore Supra and DIII-D. These schemes require the use of curved guide tubes in which the pellets are subjected to stresses from centrifugal and impact forces. Thus, with curved guide tubes the speed at which intact pellets can be delivered reliably to the plasma is limited. In impact experiments on flat plates, it was found that deuterium (D2) pellets can survive single collisions at normal velocities in the range 20 to 35 m/s. Several series of tests with various curved guide tube configurations have been carried out, showing that intact pellets can be reliably delivered at speeds of several hundreds of meters per second. The experimental data are summarized and discussed. Also, a model is under development at Tore Supra for predicting these phenomena, and preliminary comparisons with the data are discussed.