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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
A. Khodak, P. Titus, T. Brown, J. Klabacha, H. Nielsen, X. Cheng, S. Liu
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 72 | Number 4 | November 2017 | Pages 628-633
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1350478
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Initial China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), blanket design, includes water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket operating in pre-superheated regime. This condition allows efficient cooling; however it requires accurate control and analysis to avoid zones with excessive heat flux. Analysis of the coolant flow and heat transfer in CFETR Pre-Superheated Blanket was performed using ANSYS CFX and included: 3D coolant flow analysis, external volumetric and surface heating effect, and two-phase wall boiling. ASIPP CAD Model imported directly into ANSYS Workbench Design Modeler as a STEP file. Fluid volume is created using Design Modeler Fill operation, and converting Inlet and Outlet surfaces. Meshing was performed using CFX method available within the framework of the ANSYS mesh generator. Application of tetrahedral elements for meshing of the internal regions allowed automatic mesh generation. Advanced sizing functions were used with automatic mesh inflation depending on wall proximity and curvature. Conjugated heat transfer analysis was performed including solution of heat transfer equations in solid and liquid parts, and solution of the flow equations in the liquid parts. Coolant flow in that was assumed turbulent and was resolved using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations with Shear Stress Transport turbulence model. RPI model for wall driven boiling is used. Inhomogeneous two-phase flow is resolved solving two sets of momentum and energy equations for liquid and steam. Results showed ability of the model to simulate two-phase boiling flow in complex configuration.