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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
E. Clark, A. Lumsdaine, K. Ekici, A. Ruggles
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 72 | Number 3 | October 2017 | Pages 278-284
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1333823
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
High heat flux thermal management is an important challenge for upcoming nuclear fusion and plasma physics experiments. The plasma facing components (PFCs) in devices such as ITER or Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) will be subjected to extreme heat loads on the order of 10–20 MW/m2 in the divertor region. The heat dissipation issue will become critical in this next generation of experiments, and active cooling will be necessary. The current state-of-the-art water cooled technologies can accommodate extreme heat fluxes and often utilize passive heat transfer enhancement techniques, such as swirl flow, to decrease the thermal loading on PFCs. Swirling flow is commonly induced with a twisted tape that is inserted into a circular tube. Twisted tape devices are planned for use in both W7-X and ITER. Computational modeling was performed to investigate the thermal-hydraulic performance for single-phase, turbulent flow of water through a twisted tape device. This study exploited the advantage of computational simulations by analyzing local flow information. It was shown that points of low wall shear stress corresponded to locations of low heat transfer coefficient and high surface temperatures. Thus, decreased wall shear stress could be an indicator for early burnout in twisted tape geometries. This analysis was the first step towards informing the design of twisted tape devices utilized in PFCs.