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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Framatome signs contracts with Sizewell C
French nuclear developer Framatome is slated to deliver key equipment for Sizewell C Ltd.’s two large reactors planned for the United Kingdom’s Suffolk coast.
The agreement, reportedly worth multiple billions of euros, was announced this week and will involve Framatome from the design phase until commissioning. The company also agreed to a long-term fuel supply deal. Framatome is 80.5 percent owned by France’s EDF and 19.5 percent owned by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
P. V. Subhash, Amit Kumar Singh, Hitesh Pandya, V. S. Divya, M. P. Aparna, T. K. Basitha Thanseem
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 72 | Number 1 | July 2017 | Pages 49-59
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2016.1273692
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
For high-temperature tokamaks like ITER, electron cyclotron emission (ECE) measurements are expected to be affected by many factors like relativistic downshift, harmonics overlap, polarization scrambling, deviation of electron distribution from Maxwellian, etc. Many studies are already reported on the difference between ECE measurements and other measurements like Thomson scattering for existing high-temperature tokamaks like JET, TFTR, D-III-D, etc. As ITER is expected to reach a temperature of around 25 keV with a strong electron-ion coupling and additional heating, the deviation of the ECE radiation temperature from the electron temperature needs to be examined. This paper reports a parametric study on the effect of the presence of small superthermal populations on ECE measurements for ITER. A wide range of parametric space for superthermal parameters is used, assuming a bi-Maxwellian electron distribution, which obeys Kirchhoff law. The computational details and the results of the numerical studies are explained in this paper. Further, an attempt is also made to reconstruct the superthermal contributions from multiple oblique measurements, which is otherwise a difficult task. This reconstruction has been done through numerical calculations for two sets of measurements using detectors placed at same but opposite angles. Then, a scale factor is used to scale the difference between these two measurements to superthermal emission. The detailed procedure and possible physical explanations are presented. The dependence of this scale factor on the superthermal parameters is numerically studied, and a parametric equation is drafted between scale factor and superthermal parameters. The said equation contains two numerical constants, for which the values are numerically obtained from one set of simulations and verified with a number of calculations using different superthermal parameters.