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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
Priyanka Brahmbhatt, Amit Sircar, Rudreksh Patel, E. RajendraKumar, Sadhana Mohan, Kalyan Bhanja
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 71 | Number 3 | April 2017 | Pages 391-396
Technical Note | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1289580
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The Indian Lead Lithium Ceramic Breeder (LLCB) Test Blanket Module (TBM) is to be installed in one half of equatorial port #2 for testing in ITER machine. Liquid Pb-Li and solid Li2TiO3 are the tritium breeder materials in LLCB TBM. Tritium permeates through structural materials in particular at higher temperatures, which is a major operational and safety concern. Therefore, tritium flows in different locations of ITER Tokamak complex have been estimated.
Tritium transport from LLCB TBM and its ancillary systems into process rooms has been studied and analyzed in this work. A steady state diffusion limited permeation model neglecting surface effects has been used for the analysis. Tritium permeation to the Vacuum Vessel, Pipe Forest Area, Port Cell, Pipe Chase Area, Tokamak Cooling Water System Vault Annex (TCWS-VA) and Tritium Process Room in L-2 level has been estimated.
The requirement to be fulfilled in each equatorial port cell is that the tritium concentration in the port cell during maintenance operations should be below the admissible limit for human access (regulatory maximum allowable value < 1 DAC = 3.4 × 105 Bq/m3, Derived Air concentration). The presence of the Detritiation System (DS) in the Port cell has to be taken into account. This admissible limit for human access has to be reached in a sufficiently short time (target = 12 h) after plasma shutdown. Additional release during maintenance and radiological zoning with recommended <10 μSv/h need to be considered. Management of concentration of permeated tritium in different locations considering above requirement has also been discussed in this paper.