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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
S. J. Shin, L. A. Zepeda-Ruiz, J. R. I. Lee, S. H. Baxamusa, R. Dylla-Spears, T. Suratwala, B. J. Kozioziemski
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 70 | Number 2 | August-September 2016 | Pages 184-190
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST15-212
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
We explored templating effects of various materials for hydrogen (H2 and D2) solidification by measuring the degree of supercooling required for liquid hydrogen to solidify below each triple point. The results show high supercooling (>100 mK) for most metallic, covalent, and ionic solids, and low supercooling (<100 mK) for van der Waals (vdW) solids. We attribute the low supercooling of vdW solids to the weak interaction of the substrate and hydrogen. Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite showed the lowest supercooling among materials that are solid at room temperature, but did not exhibit a templating effect within a fill-tube and capsule assembly.