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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
G Newbert, A Haigh, G Atkins
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 3 | October 1995 | Pages 1552-1557
Tritium Waste Management and Discharge Control | Proceedings of the Fifth Topical Meeting on Tritium Technology In Fission, Fusion, and Isotopic Applications Belgirate, Italy May 28-June 3, 1995 | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30633
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In November 1991 over 40TBq of tritium was introduced into the JET machine for the first tritium experiment (PTE). This tritium combined with neutron activated material forms the basis of radioactive waste at JET. In order to satisfy regulatory authorities and the operators of the repository to which JET consigns its radioactive waste, JET estimates the level of tritium in each consignment of waste removed from the site.Fig 1: Inside the torusAll types of JET radioactive wastes are received for disposal at the Waste Handling Facility (WHF) which features a waste sorting and sampling station, a glove box, a compactor, and packaging and transfer systems. The WHF is operated as a contamination control area with monitored tritium discharges. The waste received includes solid, eg housekeeping waste, machine components and vessel wall tiles; and liquid, eg water, oils and freon containing a unique cocktail of radionuclides consisting of tritium as a contaminant and neutron activated material. The tritium contamination may be in the form of gas, tritiated vapour or tritiated particulate with a specific activity up to 2.5MBq/g. The two main types of tritium monitors used are linuid scintillation counters and ionisation chambers, and samples of various components and materials have now been assessed for tritium. The results so far indicate a widespread of tritium levels from 2Bq/g for cold gas transfer lines to 200kBq/g for in-vessel tiles. General soft housekeeping waste is assessed by a sniffing technique which has a limit of detection corresponding to 120Bq/g. The prospect of the introduction of more tritium during future tritium operations has led to the investigation of improved methods of tritium measurement and of component detritiation to facilitate future waste disposal.