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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
H. Amano, M. Atarashi, H. Noguchi, S. Yokoyama, Y. Ichimasa, M. Ichimasa
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 3 | October 1995 | Pages 803-808
Tritium Safety | Proceedings of the Fifth Topical Meeting on Tritium Technology in Fission, Fusion, and Isotopic Applications Belgirate, Italy May 28-June 3, 1995 | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30503
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Trace amounts of elemental tritium (HT) were released continuously to the surface atmosphere at a site at Chalk River Laboratories, Canada over the 12-day period 1994 July 27 to August 8. The test area consisted of four agricultural plots, each 5 m square. One plot was left in its natural state, and the other three were cultivated. Cherry tomatoes, radishes and edible Chinese mustard (Komatsuna in Japanese) were grown in the three cultivated fields. After the HT gas reached the surface of the field, some portion of it was converted into the water form (HTO) mainly by microorganisms in the soil. Then, plant absorbs HTO from both soil and air. Photosynthesized organic material in plant contains tritium,also. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the variation with time of tissue free-water tritium (TFWT) and organically bound tritium (OBT) in several plant species during the HT release. The specific activity of HTO in plants increased rapidly after the HT exposure. The HTO concentration in plant leaves almost attained its maximum value in about 10 days, even though there were several precipitation events, which decreased the soil HTO concentration. The specific activity of OBT in plants increased gradually after the start of the exposure. The OBT concentration in plants did not attain steady state over the whole exposure period of 12 days. The OBT/HTO ratio in plants increased gradually during the release. The ratio in Komatsuna leaves changed from 0.06 to 0.24 between 2 and 11 days. The production rates of OBT in plants are fitted to numerical equations.