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60 Years of U: Perspectives on resources, demand, and the evolving role of nuclear energy
Recent years have seen growing global interest in nuclear energy and rising confidence in the sector. For the first time since the early 2000s, there is renewed optimism about the industry’s future. This change is driven by several major factors: geopolitical developments that highlight the need for secure energy supplies, a stronger focus on resilient energy systems, national commitments to decarbonization, and rising demand for clean and reliable electricity.
A. Stäbler, J. Sielanko, S. Götz, E. Speth
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 2 | September 1994 | Pages 145-152
Technical Paper | Plasma Heating System | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A30338
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Powerful neutral beams used in many present-day magnetic fusion devices to heat the plasma to high temperatures must pass a region of finite background pressure where the magnetic stray field is rather high. Reionization of neutral beam particles and their subsequent deflection onto walls may lead to serious power loadings if no proper protection is provided. The simulation of this problem for the neutral beam injection system of the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak is examined. The magnetic field distribution and the particle trajectories are calculated in full three-dimensional geometry. The statistical methods applied to simulate the ∼106 beam particles necessary to obtain a reliable power density distribution on the various surfaces of the duct region are described in some detail. Results are given for different magnetic field configurations of the tokamak. Because of the focusing effect of the strongly varying magnetic field, power densities in excess of 2 MW/m2 are found in extreme cases. Additional large area shieldings are installed to protect the most exposed regions of the entrance port of the vessel.