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DTRA’s advancements in nuclear and radiological detection
A new, more complex nuclear age has begun. Echoing the tensions of the Cold War amid rapidly evolving nuclear and radiological threats, preparedness in the modern age is a contest of scientific innovation. The Research and Development Directorate (RD) at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is charged with winning this contest.
A. E. Hechanova, M. S. Kazimi
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 21 | Number 3 | May 1992 | Pages 1880-1886
Plasma-Facing Component | doi.org/10.13182/FST92-A29993
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A divertor composed of beryllium-coated copper tubes was analyzed for lifetime performance for near-term tokamaks. The thermal hydraulic analysis revealed the need for enhancing coolant heat transfer in order to avoid boiling in the water-cooled tube. The insertion of twisted tapes at the strike points was found to increase the heat transfer coefficient by more than 90 percent (from 59 to 113 kW/m2-K) and allow a 3 mm thick beryllium armor to remain below the desirable safety limit of 1073 K. Under normal operation, sputtering was estimated to result in an erosion rate of 0.0027 mm per 200-s pulse. Hard thermal quenches (plasma disruptions) were found to be the critical life-limiting divertor issue since up to 0.3 mm of beryllium could be vaporized per disruption event. This would require armor regeneration after 10 such disruptions. An analysis of the copper tube stresses suggests that primary and secondary stresses remain below their allowable limits under normal operations provided the ends of the plate are not restrained and allow for expansion.