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2025: The year in nuclear
As Nuclear News has done since 2022, we have compiled a review of the nuclear news that filled headlines and sparked conversations in the year just completed. Departing from the chronological format of years past, we open with the most impactful news of 2025: a survey of actions and orders of the Trump administration that are reshaping nuclear research, development, deployment, and commercialization. We then highlight some of the top news in nuclear restarts, new reactor testing programs, the fuel supply chain and broader fuel cycle, and more.
Yoshi Hirooka, Robert W. Conn, Monali J. Khandagle, Gaetan Chevalier, Toshiaki Sogabe, Teruo Matsuda, Hiroaki Ogura, Hirotaka Toyoda, Hideo Sugai
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 4 | July 1991 | Pages 2059-2069
Technical Paper | Carbon Material Special | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29340
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Newly developed bulk-boronized graphites and boronized carbon-carbon composites, with a total boron concentration ranging from 3 to 30 wt%, have been bombarded with steady-state deuterium plasmas at temperatures between 200 and 1600°C in the PISCES-B facility. The erosion yield of bulk-boronized graphite is smaller than that of pyrolytic graphite by a factor of 2 to 3 in regimes of chemical sputtering, physical sputtering, and radiation-enhanced sublimation (RES). Plasma bombardment at elevated temperatures does not noticeably alter the near-surface composition of bulk-boronized graphite. A chemical pinning effect of boron on the migration of interstitial carbon atoms is the key to the reduction of erosion due to RES. Post-bombardment thermal desorption spectroscopy indicates that bulk boronization enhances recombinative desorption of deuterium. The enhanced deuterium desorption is responsible for the suppressed chemical sputtering. Deuterium retention in bulk-boronized graphite at temperatures from room temperature to 800°C has been measured, and it is maximized at temperatures around 300°C. The maximized deuterium retention increases by a factor of 2 as the boron concentration changes from 0 to 90%.