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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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Deep geologic repository progress—2025 Update
Editor's note: This article has was originally published in November 2023. It has been updated with new information as of June 2025.
Outside my office, there is a display case filled with rock samples from all over the world. It contains a disk of translucent, orange salt from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, N.M.; a core of white-and-bronze gneiss from the site of the future deep geologic repository in Eurajoki, Finland; several angular chunks of fine-grained, gray claystone from the underground research laboratory at Bure, France; and a piece of coarse-grained granite from the underground research tunnel in Daejeon, South Korea.
Ad J. M. Buuron, Sjaak J. Beulens, Ries J. F. van de Sande, Daniel C. Schram, Jaap G. van der Laan
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 4 | July 1991 | Pages 2049-2058
Technical Paper | Carbon Material Special | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29339
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An expanding cascaded arc plasma is used for the deposition of different types of carbon layers at high growth rates. Single diamond crystals of 60 µm and 25-µm-thick continuous films are deposited within 1 h on areas of ∼5 cm2. In recent experiments, pyrolytic graphite films have been deposited. Films up to 200 µm thick have been produced within 20 min on an area of ∼12 cm2. The film type and growth rate depend on the choice of the optimum reactor parameter settings. To maximize the growth rate and crystallinity of the film, the reactor settings are varied. High growth rates (maximum of 762 nm/s) have been obtained at high temperatures (600 to 1000°C). Several diagnostic techniques are used to analyze the film. The purity of the films has been confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy.