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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
William M. Sharp, Debra A. Callahan, Max Tabak, Simon S. Yu, Per F. Peterson, Dale R. Welch, David V. Rose, Craig L. Olson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 43 | Number 3 | May 2003 | Pages 393-400
Technical Paper | Chambers and Chamber Wall Protection Methods | doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A283
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In a typical thick-liquid-wall scenario for heavy-ion fusion (HIF), between 70 and 200 high-current beams approach the target chamber in entry pipes and propagate ~3 m to the target. Since molten-salt jets are planned to protect the chamber wall, the beams move through vapor from the jets, and collisions between beam ions and this background gas both strip the ions and ionize the gas molecules. Radiation from the preheated target causes further beam stripping and gas ionization. Because of this stripping, beams for HIF are expected to require substantial neutralization in a target chamber. Much recent research has, therefore, focused on beam neutralization by electron sources that were neglected in earlier simulations, including emission from walls and the target, photoionization by the target radiation, and preneutralization by a plasma generated along the beam path. When these effects are included in simulations with practicable beam and chamber parameters, the resulting focal spot is approximately the size required by a distributed radiator target.