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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
M. Seki, Y. Ikeda, S. Maebara, S. Moriyama, O. Naito, K. Anno, S. Hiranai, M. Shimono, S. Shinozaki, M. Terakado, K. Yokokura, T. Yamamoto, T. Fujii
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 42 | Number 2 | September-November 2002 | Pages 452-466
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST02-A240
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Development and operation of a lower hybrid range of frequency (LHRF) system for JT-60U are presented. The LHRF system was constructed in 1986 to study current drive and plasma heating at high injection power. Its main specifications are the total output power 24 MW with 24 high power klystrons, the frequency 1.74 to 2.23 GHz, and the injection power ~10 MW with three conventional antennas. To improve the antenna capabilities such as the current drive efficiency, N//peak controllability and the power injection properties, a 3-divided multi-junction type (CD1' launcher) and a 12-divided multi-junction type (CD2 launcher) are developed. The CD2 launcher can also reduce the number of the transmission lines to one fourth of the original system. The injection power ~7 MW is attained, and then the highest current drive efficiency 3.5 × 1019 m-2AW-1 and the highest non-inductive driven current 3.6 MA are achieved. The high power klystron capable of the cathode-heater operation times more than 3000 hours is improved. The outgassing rate is estimated with the CD2 launcher as 1-10 × 10-6 Pam3/sm2, which is sufficiently small not to need the vacuum pumping system for the launcher. Heat load onto the launcher due to the ripple enhanced banana drift loss is first observed in NBI or ICRF heating. From investigation on antenna-plasma coupling, the gas puffing improves distant coupling.
