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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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The Frisch-Peierls memorandum: A seminal document of nuclear history
The Manhattan Project is usually considered to have been initiated with Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin Roosevelt in October 1939. However, a lesser-known document that was just as impactful on wartime nuclear history was the so-called Frisch-Peierls memorandum. Prepared by two refugee physicists at the University of Birmingham in Britain in early 1940, this manuscript was the first technical description of nuclear weapons and their military, strategic, and ethical implications to reach high-level government officials on either side of the Atlantic. The memorandum triggered the initiation of the British wartime nuclear program, which later merged with the Manhattan Engineer District.
C. C. Tsai, G. C. Barber, C. W. Blue, W. K. Dagenhart, W. L. Gardner H. H. Haselton, D. J. Hoffman, E. F. Marguerat, M. M. Menon, J. A. Moeller,b N. S. Ponte, P.M. Ryan, D. E. Schechter, W. L. Stirling, J. H. Whealton, R. E. Wright
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 4 | Number 2 | September 1983 | Pages 1424-1429
Magnet Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST83-A23056
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Multimegawatt neutral beams of hydrogen or deuterium atoms are needed for fusion machine applications such as MFTF-B, TFTR-U, DIII-U, and FED (INTOR or ETR). For these applications, a duoPIGatron ion source is being developed to produce high-brightness deuterium beams at a beam energy of ∼120 keV for pulse lengths up to 30 s. A long-pulse plasma generator with active water cooling has been operated at an arc level of 1200 A with 30-s pulse durations. The plasma density and uniformity are sufficient for supplying a 60-A beam of hydrogen ions to a 13- by 43-cm accelerator. A 10- by 25-cm tetrode accelerator has been operated to form 120-keV hydrogen ion beams. Using the two-dimensional (2-D) ion extraction code developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), a 13- by 43-cm tetrode accelerator has been designed and is being fabricated. The aperture shapes of accelerator grids are optimized for 120-keV beam energy.
