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Can hydrogen be the transportation fuel in an otherwise nuclear economy?
Let’s face it: The global economy should be powered primarily by nuclear power. And it probably will by the end of this century, with a still-significant assist from renewables and hydro. Once nuclear systems are dominant, the costs come down to where gas is now; and when carbon emissions are reduced to a small portion of their present state, it will become obvious that most other sources are only good in niche settings. I mean, why use small modular reactors to load-follow when they can just produce that power instead of buffering it?
J. M. Carmona, K. J. McCarthy, V. Tribaldos, R. Balbín
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 54 | Number 4 | November 2008 | Pages 962-969
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1911
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
First impurity ion temperature profiles obtained using an active diagnostic system, recently installed on the TJ-II stellarator, are presented. This diagnostic consists of a multichannel spectrometer and a compact diagnostic neutral beam injector system optimized for performing charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy. Here, after summarizing the experimental setup, details of the system alignment and calibration, as well as the data analysis method adopted, are presented. Next, impurity ion temperature profiles, determined from C VI emission line widths (at 529.06 nm), are presented for a range of plasma conditions (different densities plus two injected electron cyclotron resonance heating powers) in order to highlight the system capabilities. Then, the comportment of core impurity ion temperature for an electron density scan (4 × 1018 to 9 × 1018 m-3) is examined. It reveals a clear minimum between <ne> = 6 × 1018 and 8 × 1018 m-3 that coincides with the values for the transition from the electron-to-ion root of the radial electric field. Finally, these results are compared with ion temperatures determined by passive methods to evaluate the system performance, and the physics behind the observed impurity ion temperature behavior is examined.