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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
Masaru Takagi, Robert Cook, Barry McQuillan, Fred Elsner, Richard Stephens, Abbas Nikroo, Jane Gibson, Sally Paguio
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 41 | Number 3 | May 2002 | Pages 278-285
Technical Paper | Fourteenth Target Fabrication Specialists' Meeting | doi.org/10.13182/FST41-278
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Recently, we developed a new method for making spherical poly(α-methylstyrene) (PαMS) mandrels. The process utilizes a small amount (<0.1wt%) of high-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the suspending medium, which substantially increases the interfacial tension during curing relative to methods using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and yields extremely round capsules. The PAA is also beneficial for centering of the core water, leading to exceptionally concentric capsules. However, fully cured capsules made by this method displayed a significant level of high frequency surface debris that became especially problematic when the mandrels were subsequently overcoated. To solve this problem we examined the use of PAA in conjunction with PVA in order to reduce these surface features, and explored numerous variations of concentration and timing of the PVA addition. The optimum conditions were found to be initial use of PAA for centering and symmetry of the mandrels, followed by removal of the PAA medium, washing of the mandrels with water, and finally transfer to PVA solution for completion of the curing cycle. Glow discharge polymer shells made from these mandrels have power spectra that meet the ignition capsule design requirements.