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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
EPA issues final rule regulating “forever chemicals”
The Environmental Protection Agency announced that it will issue a rule aimed at limiting public exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The final rule will designate two widely used PFAS chemicals, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as Superfund.
According to the EPA, both PFOA and PFOS meet the statutory criteria for designation as hazardous substances.
A. Serikov, U. Fischer, R. Heidinger, H. Tsige-Tamirat, Y. Luo
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 53 | Number 1 | January 2008 | Pages 184-195
Technical Paper | Special Issue on Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 2 | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1664
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will use an electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system in the upper port of the device for plasma stabilization, heating, and current drive by injecting millimeter wave beams into the plasma chamber. The millimeter waves are transmitted to the plasma through long and narrow waveguide channels. The required plasma wall openings could result in enhanced neutron radiation loadings to the ECRH launcher and neighboring reactor components. The analyses aimed at proving that the shielding requirements and all related nuclear design limits specified by ITER can be met for the proposed ECRH launcher design concepts. The nuclear criteria included human safety issues, nuclear waste regulation aspects, and radiation shielding requirements. The proof was conducted by calculating the radiation loads to sensitive components such as the diamond window of the ECRH launcher, the vacuum vessel, and the superconducting magnets and assessing the potential radiation doses to work personnel during shutdown periods. Dedicated computational approaches were developed to handle the related neutron streaming and shielding problems on the basis of three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations by the MCNP code. Suitable MCNP models of the launcher were generated by the automatic conversion of the underlying computer assisted design models using a newly developed interface program. The results of the analyses show that all radiation design limits can be safely met for the considered launcher and shield designs.