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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
M. Goniche, G. T. A. Huysmans, F. Turco, P. Maget, J. L. Ségui, J. F. Artaud, G. Giruzzi, F. Imbeaux, P. Lotte, D. Mazon, D. Molina, V. S. Udintsev
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 53 | Number 1 | January 2008 | Pages 88-96
Technical Paper | Special Issue on Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 2 | doi.org/10.13182/FST08-A1656
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Low-frequency (5- to 20-kHz) and high-frequency (40- to 200-kHz) modes are studied during radio-frequency heating experiments on the Tore Supra tokamak by means of correlation electron cyclotron emission. High-frequency modes are detected when the plasma is heated by ion cyclotron range of frequency waves in the minority D(H) heating scheme in combination with lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) producing a flat or slightly reversed q-profile. They are identified as Alfvén cascade modes. When this mode is triggered, fast ion losses (<20%) are detected from the neutron emission rate, and an additional heat load on plasma-facing components can be measured by an infrared camera when the fast ion energy is sufficiently large. Low-frequency modes are commonly triggered during LHCD experiments performed at low loop voltage. This mode can be observed with moderate lower hybrid power when the q-profile is monotonic or at higher power when the q-profile is flat in the core (r/a < 0.2) or reversed. It is identified, in most cases, as an electron fishbone-like mode. These modes can be stabilized by a slight modification of the q-profile provided by an increase of lower hybrid power or by a small addition of electron cyclotron current device.