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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
D. R. Novog, S. T. Yin, J. S. Chang
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 4 | November 2007 | Pages 880-884
Technical Paper | First Wall, Blanket, and Shield | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1604
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation conducted for high heat flux subcooled boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in a tubular channel under both smooth- and swirl-flow of high velocity water. High heat flux flow boiling is of interest to Fusion reactor first wall cooling. Test conditions covered a mass flux range from 5 to 10 Mg/m2 s, inlet temperatures from 100 to 175°C and system pressures from 2.0 to 5.0 MPa. The maximum heat flux tested was 12 MW/m2. The test section diameter used in this study was 5.30 mm (I.D.) with an axial heated length of 356 mm. To ensure accurate results, a significant number of heat balance tests were performed with a minimum and maximum heat balance error of 1.5%. Swirl-flow tests were performed using twisted tape inserts with thickness 0.8 mm with twist ratios between 2 and 4. To measure heat transfer performance, 15 miniature thermocouples were used to measure the tube outside wall temperature at various axial and circumferential positions. Differential pressure transducers were used to measure the axial pressure drop at several locations along the test section under single- and two-phase conditions.