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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
Masaaki Satake, Kazuhisa Yuki, Hidetoshi Hashizume
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 4 | November 2007 | Pages 821-826
Technical Paper | Nuclear Analysis and Experiments | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1593
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In a liquid blanket system, MHD effect or low heat-transfer property of high Prandtl number fluid makes it difficult to remove high heat load, therefore utilization of ducts with inserted rods or sphere-packed pipes has been proposed to enhance the heat transfer. It is important to reveal influence of arrangement of the rods or spheres upon the heat transfer characteristics. In this study, the influence of a distance between two rods in wall-normal and streamwise directions upon the flow structures is clarified by numerical simulation. When the rod is approaching to another rod in the wall-normal direction, Karman's vortex street is disrupted. On the other hand, the distance between the rod and the wall is shorter than a certain value, a separation occurs on the wall and then the separation position does not move when the distance is much smaller than that value. Moreover, the pressure drop depends on the distance between two rods, and then there exists the minimum pressure drop. When the distance between the two rods becomes shorter in the streamwise direction, the wake behind the upstream rod changes from Karman's vortex street to twin vortexes and the pressure drop decreases. The turbulent kinetic energy near the wall in case of Karman's vortex street, which is generated by the upstream rod, is higher than that in case of twin vortex.