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Fusion Science and Technology
November 2025
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Modernizing I&C for operations and maintenance, one phase at a time
The two reactors at Dominion Energy’s Surry plant are among the oldest in the U.S. nuclear fleet. Yet when the plant celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023, staff could raise a toast to the future. Surry was one of the first plants to file a subsequent license renewal (SLR) application, and in May 2021, it became official: the plant was licensed to operate for a full 80 years, extending its reactors’ lifespans into 2052 and 2053.
S. Park, Y. S. Bae, J. H. Kim, H. Do, H. T. Kim, K. M. Kim, H. K. Kim, H. J. Kim, W. S. Han, H. L. Yang, J. G. Kwak, W. Namkung, M. H. Cho, H. Park, L. Delpech, J. Hillairet, R. Magne, G. T. Hoang, X. Litaudon, G. Wallace, S. Shiraiwa, R. Vieira, J. Doody, R. Parker
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 63 | Number 1 | January 2013 | Pages 49-58
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST12-493
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A 5-GHz steady-state lower hybrid (LH) current drive (LHCD) system is planned to support steady-state and advanced tokamak operation on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) experiment. As an initial phase, a pulsed 5-GHz, 500-kW LHCD system has been installed in KSTAR for basic experimental studies of the LH coupling and flux saving in the plasma current ramp-up, prior to long-pulse noninductive operation in KSTAR. A Toshiba-made klystron developed in collaboration with Pohang University of Science and Technology in 2006 is utilized for the initial KSTAR LHCD system. The LH launcher is designed as a fully active waveguide grill type with a parallel refractive index n[parallel] value ranging from 1.8 to 4.3 and with high directivity. In the initial stage, the LH launcher consists of eight columns of four-way power splitters and two columns of dummy waveguides, one on each side. The operational n[parallel] value is fixed at 2.1 but can be adjusted by replacing waveguide components external to the vacuum vessel. Since the target operation pulse duration of the initial LHCD system is 2 s with an output power of 500 kW at the klystron window, the prototype klystron was recently successfully conditioned to a radio frequency power of 514 kW for a maximum pulse duration of 3 s using a matched dummy load (voltage standing wave ratio of 1.16:1). This paper presents the progress of the initial KSTAR LHCD system and the performance test results of the prototype klystron. The research plan aiming at steady-state LHCD operation in KSTAR is also described in this paper.