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Fusion Science and Technology
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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
Dietmar Wagner, Fritz Leuterer, Adriano Manini, Francesco Monaco, Max Münich, François Ryter, Harald Schütz, Jörg Stober, Hartmut Zohm, Thomas Franke, Igor Danilov, Roland Heidinger, Manfred Thumm, Gerd Gantenbein, Walter Kasparek, Carsten Lechte, Alexander Litvak, Gregory Denisov, Evgeny Tai, Leonid Popov, Vadim Nichiporenko, Vadim Myasnikov, Elena Solyanova, Sergey Malygin, Fernando Meo, Paul Woskov
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 2 | August 2007 | Pages 313-320
Technical Paper | Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 1 | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1509
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A new multifrequency electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system is currently under construction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak experiment. This system will, for the first time in a fusion device, employ multifrequency gyrotrons, step-tunable in the range 105 to 140 GHz. In its final stage the system will consist of four gyrotrons with a total power of up to 4 MW and a pulse length of 10 s. The variable frequency will significantly extend the operating range of the ECRH system both for heating and current drive. The matching optics unit includes a set of phase-correcting mirrors for each frequency as well as a pair of broadband polarizer mirrors. The transmission line consists of nonevacuated corrugated HE11 waveguides with inner diameter of 87 mm and has a total length of ~70 m. A fast steerable launcher enables the steering of the beam over the whole plasma cross section poloidally. The first two-frequency gyrotron has been installed recently. It is equipped with a single-disk diamond window. The next gyrotrons will be step-tunable with two additional frequencies between 105 and 140 GHz. They will require a broadband output window, which will be either a Brewster or a double-disk window.