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2025 ANS Annual Conference
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
W. Kasparek; M. Petelin; V. Erckmann; D. Shchegolkov; A. Bruschi; S. Cirant; A. Litvak; M. Thumm; B. Plaum; M. Grünert; M. Malthaner; ECRH Groups at IPP Greifswald, FZK Karlsruhe, IPF Stuttgart
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 52 | Number 2 | August 2007 | Pages 281-290
Technical Paper | Electron Cyclotron Wave Physics, Technology, and Applications - Part 1 | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1507
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
To combine powers from a set of gyrotrons and to switch the combined wave beam between a number of output channels, various kinds of multiplexers can be used. Especially, narrow-band frequency diplexers in connection with small frequency-shift keying of gyrotrons can be used to switch the millimeter-wave power between two output channels. This technique can, for example, be used for fast beam steering for synchronous stabilization of rotating neoclassical tearing modes in tokamaks. Beam steering can be performed by a multistage multiplexer, provided that phase-controlled sources are available.In the paper, various concepts for fast directional switches as well as their integration into transmission lines are discussed. Calculations and low-power measurements of prototypes are presented. A resonant diplexer experiment is at present being prepared to be tested at high power in the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system for Wendelstein 7X (W7-X). Requirements and techniques for frequency control of the gyrotrons are discussed, and the results of preliminary frequency modulation experiments are shown. Finally, future prospects for the application of diplexers in large ECRH systems are discussed.
