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Fusion Science and Technology
November 2025
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Modernizing I&C for operations and maintenance, one phase at a time
The two reactors at Dominion Energy’s Surry plant are among the oldest in the U.S. nuclear fleet. Yet when the plant celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023, staff could raise a toast to the future. Surry was one of the first plants to file a subsequent license renewal (SLR) application, and in May 2021, it became official: the plant was licensed to operate for a full 80 years, extending its reactors’ lifespans into 2052 and 2053.
P. T. Bonoli, R. Parker, S. J. Wukitch, Y. Lin, M. Porkolab, J. C. Wright, E. Edlund, T. Graves, L. Lin, J. Liptac, A. Parisot, A. E. Schmidt, V. Tang, W. Beck, R. Childs, M. Grimes, D. Gwinn, D. Johnson, J. Irby, A. Kanojia, P. Koert, S. Marazita, E. Marmar, D. Terry, R. Vieira, G. Wallace, J. Zaks, S. Bernabei, C. Brunkhorse, R. Ellis, E. Fredd, N. Greenough, J. Hosea, C. C. Kung, G. D. Loesser, J. Rushinski, G. Schilling, C. K. Phillips, J. R. Wilson, R. W. Harvey, C. L. Fiore, R. Granetz, M. Greenwald, A. E. Hubbard, I. H. Hutchinson, B. LaBombard, B. Lipschultz, J. Rice, J. A. Snipes, J. Terry, S. M. Wolfe, Alcator C-Mod Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 51 | Number 3 | April 2007 | Pages 401-436
Technical Paper | Alcator C-Mod Tokamak | doi.org/10.13182/FST07-A1430
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This paper reviews the physics and technology of wave-particle-interaction experiments in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) and the lower hybrid (LH) range of frequencies (LHRF) on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. Operation of fixed frequency (80 MHz) and tunable (40- to 80-MHz) ICRF transmitters and the associated transmission system is described. Key fabrication issues that were solved in order to operate a four-strap ICRF antenna in the compact environment of C-Mod are discussed in some detail. ICRF heating experiments utilizing the hydrogen (H) and helium-3 (3He) minority heating schemes are described, and data are presented demonstrating an overall heating efficiency of 70 to 90% for the (H) minority scheme and somewhat lower efficiency for (3He) minority heating. Mode conversion electron heating experiments in D(3He), D(H), and H(3He) discharges are also reported as well as simulations of these experiments using an advanced ICRF full-wave solver. Measurements of mode-converted ion cyclotron waves and ion Bernstein waves using a phase contrast imaging diagnostic are presented and compared with the predictions of a synthetic diagnostic code that utilizes wave electric fields from a full-wave solver. The physics basis of the LH current profile control program on Alcator C-Mod is also presented. Computer simulations using a two-dimensional (velocity space) Fokker Planck solver indicate that ~200 kA of LH current can be driven in low-density H-mode discharges on C-Mod with ~3 MW of LHRF power. It is shown that this off-axis LH current drive can be used to create discharges with nonmonotonic profiles of the current density and reversed shear. An advanced tokamak operating regime near the ideal no-wall limit is described for C-Mod, where ~70% of the current is driven through the bootstrap effect. The LH power is coupled to C-Mod through a waveguide launcher consisting of four rows (vertically) with 24 guides per row (toroidally). A detailed description of the LH launcher fabrication is given in this paper along with initial operation results.
