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Can hydrogen be the transportation fuel in an otherwise nuclear economy?
Let’s face it: The global economy should be powered primarily by nuclear power. And it probably will by the end of this century, with a still-significant assist from renewables and hydro. Once nuclear systems are dominant, the costs come down to where gas is now; and when carbon emissions are reduced to a small portion of their present state, it will become obvious that most other sources are only good in niche settings. I mean, why use small modular reactors to load-follow when they can just produce that power instead of buffering it?
N. S. Klimov, V. A. Kurnaev, A. M. Zhitlukhin, D. V. Kovalenko, I. M. Poznyak, A. A. Moskacheva, D. B. Abramenko
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 60 | Number 1 | July 2011 | Pages 34-39
doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A12402
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The paper concerns experimental investigations of metallic material erosion under the plasma heat loads expected in ITER divertor during transient events such as the type I edge-localized modes and the disruptions. Primary attention is focused on the erosion due to melt layer movement and splashing. The targets of tungsten and other metals were repeatedly exposed to hydrogen plasma flow of 0.5 ms duration in the heat load range of 0.2-4.5 MJ/m2 at the TRINITI plasma gun QSPA-T. The ejection of liquid droplets was observed during plasma exposure by special recoded system and onset conditions of droplets ejection were defined. Between some of the plasma pulses the eroded surface was analyzed with profilometry and microscopy. The mass loss and exposed surface profile were measured as a function of heat load and number of pulses. Experimentally measured target thinning due to melt layer removal from the exposed area to periphery was compared with erosion due to mass loss as a result of droplets ejection and evaporation. The obtained surface profile was compared with the result of numerical calculations which based on simultaneous solving of the 2-D heat conductivity equation and hydrodynamics equations of “shallow water” approximation.