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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
P. R. Goncharov, T. Ozaki, S. Sudo, N. Tamura, D. V. Kalinina, Tespel Group, LHD Experimental Group, E. A. Veshchev, V. Yu. Sergeev
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 50 | Number 2 | August 2006 | Pages 222-228
Technical Paper | Stellarators | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1239
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
First radially resolved local data on the ion distribution function have been obtained on the Large Helical Device (LHD) from measurements of escaping neutral particle energy spectra by using an impurity pellet ablation cloud as a spatially localized target for the charge exchange with plasma ions. The active diagnostic employs a transversely directed injector of solid pellets and a compact high-resolution neutral particle energy spectrometer capable of observing the ablation cloud throughout the pellet flight across the plasma column. The paper describes the experimental method and presents the initial measurement results. The data analysis is discussed with emphasis on the local ion distribution calculation from the pellet charge-exchange neutral spectra, taking into account the pellet trajectory, the cloud parameters, and the relevant electron capture and stripping cross sections. The estimated carbon/hydrogen ablation cloud neutralization fraction is used for the interpretation of the neutral spectra from tangential neutral beam injection-heated plasmas and from ion cyclotron heating-sustained plasmas.