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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
G. E. Youngblood, E. C. Thomsen, R. J. Shinavski
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 60 | Number 1 | July 2011 | Pages 364-368
Materials Development & Plasma-Material Interactions | Proceedings of the Nineteenth Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy (TOFE) (Part 1) | doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A12381
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Electrical conductivity (EC) data for several plate forms of two-dimensional, silicon carbide composite made with chemical vapor infiltration matrix and with Hi NicalonTM type S fibers (2D-SiCf/CVI-SiC) were acquired. The composite fibers were coated with pyrocarbon (PyC) of various thicknesses (50 to 310 nm) and an outer thin (~60 m) SiC “seal coat” was applied by CVD to the infiltrated plates.The EC was highly anisotropic in the transverse and in-plane directions. In-plane EC ranged from ~150 to 1600 S/m, increased slowly with increasing temperature, and depended primarily on the total PyC thickness. High in-plane EC-values occur because it is dominated by conduction along the numerous, continuous PyC fiber coating pathways. Transverse EC ranged from ~1 to 60 S/m, and increased strongly with increasing temperature up to 800°C. The transverse EC is controlled by conduction through the interconnections of the carbon-coating network within and between fiber bundles, especially at moderate temperatures (~300 to 700°C). Below ~300°C, the electrical resistance of the pure SiC seal coat becomes increasingly more important as temperatures are further lowered.Importantly, a “3-layer series” model predicts that transverse EC-values for a standard seal-coated 2D-SiCf/CVI-SiC with a monolayer PyC fiber coating of ~50-nm thickness will be <20 S/m for all temperatures up to 800°C, as desired for a flow channel insert in a fusion reactor blanket component.