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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
N. G. Borisenko, I. V. Akimova, A. I. Gromov, A. M. Khalenkov, Yu. A. Merkuliev, V. N. Kondrashov, J. Limpouch, J. Kuba, E. Krousky, K. Masek, W. Nazarov, V. G. Pimenov
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 49 | Number 4 | May 2006 | Pages 676-685
Technical Paper | Target Fabrication | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1185
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Fabrication methods for low-density fine-structure (cell size < 1 m) 3-D networks of cellulose triacetate (TAC) are developed. Target densities ranged 4-20 mg/cm3, similar polymer structures were produced both with no load and with high-Z cluster dopant with concentration up to 30%. Foams of varying density down to 0.25 plasma critical density at the third harmonic of iodine laser wavelength are supplied for laser shots. Closed-cell and 3-D network structures are considered and monitored as the means of thermal and radiation control in plasma. In comparative foam-and-foil laser irradiation experiments on PALS (Czech, Prague) laser facility the presently developed TAC targets were used along with earlier reported TMPTA (trimethylol propane triacrilate) and agar foams. Radiation transport and hydrodynamic wave velocities proved to be similar in TAC and TMPTA volume structures both having the form of regular 3-D networks, but differed a lot when TAC was compared to agar foams. Radiation transport during laser pulse in TAC doped with Cu-clusters was faster then in TAC with no dopant, whereas plasma from TAC doped with Cu-clusters cooled down quicker then with no clusters. High-Z cluster dopant is effective tool to control energy transport in underdense plasma.