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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
D. H. Edgell, R. S. Craxton, L. M. Elasky, D. R. Harding, L. S. Iwan, R. L. Keck, L. D. Lund, S. J. Verbridge, M. D. Wittman, A. Warrick, T. Brown, W. Seka
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 49 | Number 4 | May 2006 | Pages 616-625
Technical Paper | Target Fabrication | doi.org/10.13182/FST49-616
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Backlit optical shadowgraphy is the primary diagnostic for D2 ice layer characterization of cryogenic targets for the OMEGA Laser System at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). Reflection and refraction of light passing through the ice layer produce characteristic rings. The position of the most prominent of the shadowgraph rings, known as the bright ring, can be resolved to ~0.1-pixel rms, corresponding to about 0.12 m for typical LLE target shadowgraphs. Measurement of the bright ring position in conjunction with ray-trace model predictions determines the ice layer thickness and the Fourier-mode spectrum of the ice roughness for that view. The LLE target characterization stations use two camera angles and target rotation to record target shadowgraphs from many different views. Combining these views allows construction of a 3-D ice layer representation, an estimation of the global surface roughness, and a determination of a Legendre-mode spectrum suitable for implosion modeling. The standard operating procedure is to construct a 3-D ice layer representation using the analysis of 48 separate shadowgraphic views. The 3-D ice surface is then decomposed in terms of spherical harmonics, allowing the determination of low-mode number (l 8 to 10) elements of a Legendre-mode power spectrum. Higher-mode number elements of the Legendre power spectrum are determined by mapping the Fourier-mode power spectrum averaged over all views