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Fusion Science and Technology
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The spark of the Super: Teller–Ulam and the birth of the H-bomb—rivalry, credit, and legacy at 75 years
In early 1951, Los Alamos scientists Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam devised a breakthrough that would lead to the hydrogen bomb [1]. Their design gave the United States an initial advantage in the Cold War, though comparable progress was soon achieved independently in the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom.
S. Sasanka Kumar, M. K. Jayaraj, Ajai Kumar, Ravi A. V. Kumar
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 64 | Number 1 | July 2013 | Pages 54-62
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST13-A17047
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Elemental compositional analysis was carried out on various portions (edges to center) of the film on the ADITYA tokamak window using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Optical transmission studies were carried out at various points along the length and breadth of the film. An automated tabletop setup was developed for cleaning the coating by back-side etching using an Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser operated at its second and third harmonics. Various experimental parameters were optimized so as to restore maximum transmission for the window. It was observed that a wavelength of 355 nm at an energy density of 1275 mJ/cm2 and at a repetition rate of 10 Hz was found to be best suited for this application. It was possible to restore the transmission of the coated portion to the transmission level of bare window portions using this setup.