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The human factor in licensing and operating the next generation of nuclear plants
As human factors specialists working at the intersection of human performance and nuclear operations, we are witnessing one of the nuclear sector’s most significant transitions in decades. The emergence of small modular reactors, microreactors, and other advanced designs is reshaping the industry’s landscape. Digital instrumentation and controls, passive safety systems, and increased automation are creating opportunities for greater safety margins and more flexible operation. These same features also fundamentally redefine what it means to “operate” a nuclear plant. Interactions among human roles, automation, and passive systems shape how people maintain awareness, exercise judgment, and intervene when necessary. These developments affect both operational realities and the regulatory foundations on which nuclear safety is built.
Grégory Perret, Ivor David Clifford, Diego Mora Mendez
Nuclear Technology | Volume 211 | Number 12 | December 2025 | Pages 2929-2946
Research Article | doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2025.2521590
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Pressurized thermal shock following a loss-of-coolant accidental scenario has been recognized as a safety concern for the integrity of the reactor pressure vessel since the 1980s. In the context of the recent APAL (Advanced PTS Analysis for LTO) European project, the safety analysis, including coupled thermal hydraulics (TH) and fracture mechanics analyses, has been upgraded to include uncertainty quantification. This paper presents the results obtained by the Paul Scherrer Institute in which the TRACE and FAVOR codes were used. TH uncertainties were estimated and propagated in one-dimensional fracture mechanics models to yield a 95%/95% lower tolerance bound for the maximum allowable adjusted reference temperature. The results are compared for several scenarios (fracture type, fracture criteria, with and without residual stresses) with a conservative base case and a best-estimate case. A sensitivity analysis finally helped determine the most relevant TH uncertain parameters.